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The Animated Pocket Dictionary of Orthopedics, the first ever animated dictionary in the subject, fills that void quite effectively. A must-have resource for physicians and students who would greatly benefit from this
module, it covers 92 Orthopedics related terms and definitions.
All the definitions have been graphically described with the help of 3D animations and are accompanied by text definitions.
Animated Pocket Dictionary of orthopedics
Ankylosing spondylitis is the chronic inflammation of joints between the vertebrae or between the spine and pelvis. Also known as rheumatoid spondylitis or Marie-Strümpell disease, it is marked by impaired mobility of the spine, pain, stiffness in the hips and lower back. The pain progresses to the upper back, eventually affecting the entire back, resulting in loss of flexibility.
Ankylosis is the immobility and stiffness of a joint as a result of fusion due to injury, disease or surgery, resulting in loss of movement.
Arthritis mutilans, a rare but often debilitating and destructive form of psoriatic arthritis, affects the small joints of the hands and feet, sometimes affecting the neck and lower back.
Arthrography or “X-Ray of joint” is the X-ray examination of a joint structure after injecting contrast agents. Arthrography is commonly performed to identify the problems with the ligaments, cartilage or tendons, when there is an injury to a joint or if the joints are painful or locked. Arthrography procedure involves X-ray using fluoroscopy and a contrast material usually containing iodine and sometimes supplemented by air. During the procedure contrast material is injected into the joint and the joint space is examined with a fluoroscope and X-rays are taken. The images are then monitored, most often, on a computer screen. This procedure is most often used to study the abnormalities in shoulders, Knee, hip, wrist and ankle.
Arthroplasty is a surgical procedure to realign or reconstruct a joint.
A Local anesthetic administered through a small incision and a thin tube, that has a light and a camera and other devices attached to its end, is inserted. The joint is visualized on a TV screen.During lavage, saline is flushed into the joint and the collected blood, fluid or pieces of tissue are flushed out. In debridement however loose fragments of bone or cartilage that are still adhering to the bone surface are scraped out. These procedures can provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation.
Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure, by which surgeons can view the inside of joint, using an instrument called an arthroscope, thereby enabling to diagnose, and treat problems inside a joint. Arthroscopic surgery is only performed after a thorough medical history, physical examination, X-rays, and possibly additional tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT scan. This procedure is commonly performed to treat joints in the knee, shoulder, ankle and the elbow.
During Anthroscopic procedure a small incision is made in the skin through which a tiny instrument (anthroscope), with small lens is inserted. The antroscope is attached to a miniature television camera which records and displays the inside of the joint on a monitor enabling the surgeon to diagnose and treat the condition.
Arthrosis means joint, an area where two bones are attached to help movement of the body parts. It is basically made up of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage. Arthrosis also refers to the chronic degenerative disease of bone joint. Arthrosis of a joint occurs with the degeneration of cartilage which can result in loss of free movement in the joint.
The space between the bones in a joint is called the ‘articular cavity’. The capsule, which encloses this cavity, has an inner membrane called the synovium, which secretes a clear, sticky fluid known as the synovial fluid into the space. The synovial fluid along with the cartilage assists in smooth, frictionless movement of joints, as well as nutrition of the cartilage
Asymmetric arthritis, the mildest form of psoriatic arthritis, affects any joint such as the knee, hip, ankle or wrist. Inflamed joints are often tender and red. When hands and feet are involved, swelling and inflammation in the tendons can cause the fingers and toes to resemble small sausages (dactylitis).
Bisphosphonates is group of drugs inhibit osteoclast mediated bone breakdown, increase bone density and reduce the risk of fractures. Examples are alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, etidronate and zoledronate.
Bone cancer is a malignant growth in the bone. The tumor either originates from the bone itself, which is rare, or is secondary, i.e., occurs as a result of cancer spreading from elsewhere in the body.
Bone densitometry or Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is an enhanced form of X-ray technology used for measuring Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in order to evaluate bone loss.
Bone marker tests are used to check the concentration of several enzymes, proteins and other substances in the blood. Bone marker tests help a physician evaluate the progress of disease and the treatment procedure.
Bone marrow is the soft fatty tissue found in the bone cavity. Bone marrow contains immature cells called stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Bone mineral density or BMD is a measure of the bone mineral content - the amount of calcium and phosphorous - in the given bone mass. Low BMD is indicative of osteoporosis. Evaluation is done using specialised technique called Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA).
Bone remodelling is a continuous process of resorption or removal of old bone cells and ossification or formation of new bone matrix to ensure mechanical integrity of the bone and calcium homeostasis in the body.
Bone resorption is a process involving the breakdown of bone by osteoclasts which releases the minerals into the blood stream where they are processed further to form new bone. Bone resorption is highly constructable stimulated or inhibited by signals from other parts of the body, depending on the demand for calcium
Breastbone or sternum is the flat, dagger shaped, narrow bone in the upper central part of the chest. It is connected directly to the first seven pairs of ribs to form the rib cage. The sternum supports the collar bones at the upper end and along with the ribs helps to protect the lungs and heart from physical trauma.
Bursa is a fluid-filled sac that acts as cushion between bones and the overlying soft tissues, which helps reduce friction between the gliding muscles and the bone. The inflammation of bursa results in a condition known as bursitis. . Bursae are located throughout the body, most importantly present at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and heel.
Calcitonin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, works as a physiologic antagonist to parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin decreases the osteoclastic bone resorption, in turn lowering blood calcium levels. The hormone also prevents reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, leading to increased excretion of calcium in urine.
Carpal bones are the group of eight bones in the wrist that allow movement and rotation. The carpal bones come together to form a joint with the radius and ulna, the bones of the forearm, on one end, and connect with metacarpal bones on the other.
Cartilage is a semitransparent layer that covers the surface of the bones. It is made up of cells called chondrocytes and proteins, primarily collagen and proteoglycans.
The cells of the cartilage, the chondrocytes, secrete the proteins; principally collagen; and proteoglycans that make up the structure of the cartilage. Like all other tissues in the body, these substances are undergoing constant turnover, and the cells can secrete enzymes that break down ‘old’ areas of cartilage as well as secrete the chemicals that form the new structure or ‘matrix’. In normal, functional joints, these degenerative and regenerative enzymes are well balanced, allowing the cartilage to maintain its structure and function efficiently.
Clavicle, commonly referred as collar bone, is a slender curved bone that articulates medially with the sternum or breastbone and laterally with the scapula or shoulder blade.
Commonly referred to as the tailbone, coccyx is the final segment of the human vertebral column. It is triangular in shape and is made up of three to five separate or fused vertebrae.
Collagen is a tough fibrous protein with a high tensile strength that supports and connects bodily tissues. It forms an important constituent of skin, bone, cartilage and muscle.
Collar bone, commonly referred as clavicle, is a slender curved bone that articulates medially with the sternum or breastbone and laterally with the scapula or shoulder blade.
Cortical bone is the compact bone of the shaft of a bone that surrounds the marrow cavity. Cortical bone is a dense bone in which the matrix of the bone is filled with organic substance and inorganic salts, with only tiny spaces that contain the osteocytes, or bone cells.
Disc prolapse is the prolapse of the soft tissues called ‘discs’, in between the vertebrae, beyond their normal confines. It is also known as a herniated disc, ruptured disc, or, more commonly slipped disc. Commonly occurring in the lumbar or cervical or neck region due to acute trauma or following stressful physical activity, the symptoms vary from low back ache to neck pain, according to the site and degree of injury.
Distal interphalangeal predominant (DIP), a less common form of psoriatic arthritis, affects distal joints of the fingers and toes. DIP is sometimes confused with osteoarthritis, but psoriatic arthritis usually causes nail changes.
Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) or Bone densitometry is an enhanced form of X-ray technology used for measuring Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in order to evaluate bone loss.
Elbow is the hinge joint where the lower end of humerus or the upper arm bone meets the upper ends of ulna and the radius, the bones of the forearm.
Femur or thigh bone is the longest, largest and strongest bone in the human body. It is located in the hind or lower limb, between the pelvis and the knee.
Herniated disc is the prolapse of the soft tissues called ‘discs’, in between the vertebrae, beyond their normal confines. It is also known as disc prolapse, ruptured disc, or, more commonly slipped disc. Commonly occurring in the lumbar or cervical or neck region due to acute trauma or following stressful physical activity, the symptoms vary from low back ache to neck pain, according to the site and degree of injury.
Human Growth Hormone, also called somatotropin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates the release of somatomedin, a hormone secreted by the liver, that promotes growth of bones and muscles and maintains tissues and organs.
Humerus is the long bone of the forelimb or upper arm that extends from the shoulder to the elbow.
Joint is a junction where two bones come together to allow movement and provide mechanical support. Joints may be formed of fibrous connective tissue or cartilage.
Knee cap or patella is the small saucer or lens shaped bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint.
Knee replacement is an orthopaedic surgery performed to replace damaged bone surface and cartilage with knee prosthesis
Ligaments are tough fibrous bands or sheets of connective tissue, linking bones, cartilages or supporting muscles at joints.
Marie-Strümpell disease is the chronic inflammation of joints between the vertebrae or between the spine and pelvis. Also known as rheumatoid spondylitis or ankylosing spondylitis, it is marked by impaired mobility of the spine, pain, stiffness in the hips and lower back. The pain progresses to the upper back, eventually affecting the entire back, resulting in loss of flexibility.
Osteoarthritis is a progressive disorder of the joint, characterised by focal, discrete areas of degradation of the cartilage surface in joints.
Osteoblasts are mononucleate cells that build up bone tissue, primarily repairing damaged bones.
Osteoclasts are bone cells that are involved in bone breakdown.
Osteocytes are interconnected mature star shaped bone cells, abundantly distributed throughout the bone matrix.
Osteoid is the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms before the calcification. Osteoid is composed of fibers and ground substance. The process of formation of new bone tissue starts with the Osteoblasts secreting the osteoid as specific proteins and the mineralized osteoid forms the new bone tissue. The rickets in Children and osteomalacia in adults are the results of accumulation of osteoid which does not mineralize properly due to the insufficient mineral or osteoblast dysfunction.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone, caused by variety of microbial agents, most common being the bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. Osteomyelitis can affect irrespective of age and gender. Osteomyelitis often affects the vertebrae and the pelvis in adults and it usually affects the long bones, in children. People with diabetes, low immune system or patients under hemodialysis are at more risk for Osteomyelitis.
Osteopetrosis, also known as marble bone disease and Albers-Schonberg disease, is a rare disease caused due to improper functioning of osteoclasts resulting in harder and denser bones. It is an inherited disorder. Bone marrow transplant is the most commonly used treatment for osteopetrosis.
The activity of the bone below areas of damaged cartilage increases greatly, the shape of the joint changes, and bone outgrowths appear at the margins of the joint – these are called osteophytes or bone spurs.
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder characterised by reduced bone mineral density or BMD. This loss of bone tissue caused by the depletion of protein and mineral content, especially calcium, increases risk of fractures.
Osteotomy is a procedure to correct misaligned bones or joints by shortening, lengthening or realigning them
Parathyroid glands are two pairs of pea shaped endocrine glands that lie behind the thyroid gland in the neck. They secrete parathyroid hormone (parathormone) critical for the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Patella or knee cap is the small saucer or lens shaped bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint.
Pelvis is the basin like cavity at the lower trunk located between the hip bones.
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis is a condition in which the density of bones in the skeleton has reduced, making them weaker and prone to fracture. Osteoporotic fractures cause pain, suffering, disability and, sometimes, deformity
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by inflammation of the skin and joints, chronic skin scaling and fingernail changes. In many cases the skin disease often precedes the arthritic disease.
Quadriceps muscles refers to any of the four headed group of muscles which cover the front and sides of the femur or thigh bone.
Radiographic absorptiometry measures the bone mass from radiographs of peripheral sites.
Rheumatism is a term used to describe a group of painful conditions, primarily those affecting the joints, bones, tendons and muscles.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting joints, that causes inflammation and deformity in them. The body’s immune system produces auto-antibodies, immunoglobulins that target normal cells in the joints and surrounding tissues and can also affect other organs of the body.
Rheumatoid spondylitis is the chronic inflammation of joints between the vertebrae or between the spine and pelvis. Also known as ankylosing spondylitis or Marie-Strümpell disease, it is marked by impaired mobility of the spine, pain, stiffness in the hips and lower back. The pain progresses to the upper back, eventually affecting the entire back, resulting in loss of flexibility.
Ribs are the 12 pairs of slender, curved bones that extend from the spine to attach with the sternum or breastbone to form the rib cage. The ribs form the skeletal framework of the thorax called the thoracic cage and protect the heart and the lungs.
Rickets is a bone disorder resulting from deficiency of vitamin D that leads to poor absorbtion of calcium from the blood. Often occurring in children, rickets leads to defective bone growth, bowed legs, narrow chest, soft bones and twich muscles.
Ruptured disc is the prolapse of the soft tissues called ‘discs’, in between the vertebrae, beyond their normal confines. It is also known as disc prolapse, herniated disc, or, more commonly slipped disc. Commonly occurring in the lumbar or cervical or neck region due to acute trauma or following stressful physical activity, the symptoms vary from low back ache to neck pain, according to the site and degree of injury.
Sacroiliitis is the inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, the joint that connects the lower spine and pelvis. Sacroiliitis causes pain and stiffness in the lower back, thighs or buttocks.
Sacrum is the large triangular shaped bone at the base of the spine, below the lumbar region, formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.
Shinbone or tibia is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg, and connects the knee and ankle bones.
During lavage a local anesthetic is administered through a small incision and a thin tube, that has a light and a camera and other devices attached to its end, is inserted. The joint is visualized on a TV screen. saline is flushed into the joint and the collected blood, fluid or pieces of tissue are flushed out.
Skeleton is the rigid framework of bones and cartilage that provides structure and protection to the body.
Skull is the bony or cartilaginous framework which encloses and protects the brain and gives shape to the head and face. It also fixes the positions of the eyes for stereoscopic vision, and the ears to provide auditory cues to the brain. The human adult skull is made up of 22 bones and, with the exception of the mandible, all the bones are joined together by sutures.
Slipped disc is the prolapse of the soft tissues called ‘discs’, in between the vertebrae, beyond their normal confines. It is also known as disc prolapse, ruptured disc or herniated disc. Commonly occurring in the lumbar or cervical or neck region due to acute trauma or following stressful physical activity, the symptoms vary from low back ache to neck pain, according to the site and degree of injury.
Somatotropin, also called Human Growth Hormone, is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates the release of somatomedin, a hormone secreted by the liver, that promotes growth of bones and muscles and maintains tissues and organs.
Sphenoid bone is a single midline cranial bone shaped like a butterfly, situated at the base of the skull. and in contact with all other cranial bones.
Spondylitis is the inflammation of the vertebral joints resulting in backache and neck pain.
Spondyloarthritis is a group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases affecting spine, joints, ligaments and tendons that can lead to spinal deformities.
Sternum or breastbone is the flat, dagger shaped, narrow bone in the upper central part of the chest. It is connected directly to the first seven pairs of ribs to form the rib cage. The sternum supports the collar bones at the upper end and along with the ribs helps to protect the lungs and heart from physical trauma.
Symmetric arthritis, the second most common form of psoriatic arthritis, resembles rheumatoid arthritis but with a negative rheumatoid factor. Symptoms often occur in the same joints on both sides of the body. Though milder than rheumatoid arthritis, it can cause disabling joint damage.
Synovial biopsy studies have documented the similarity of immunohistology of various spondyloarthritis (SpA) subsets, including psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and distinction of these from rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
The major joints in the body are synovial joints including for example, most of the joints of the limbs like knees, elbows and shoulders. The surfaces of the adjoining bones are covered with hyaline cartilage. The articular capsule covers the outside of the joint whilst the lining of this is the synovial membrane, which secretes the synovial fluid which is a viscous, sticky fluid lubricating the joint cavity. In health the synovium is a single layer of cells.
Synovial membrane, also known as synovium, is a thin layer of connective tissue lining the joint capsules that lubricate and nourish the cartilage by producing synovial fluid
Synovium, also known as synovial membrane, is a thin layer of connective tissue lining the joint capsules that lubricate and nourish the cartilage by producing synovial fluid
Commonly referred to as the coccyx, tailbone is the final segment of the human vertebral column. It is triangular in shape and is made up of three to five separate or fused vertebrae.
Tendinitis is the inflammation of tendon due to overuse over a long period of time or any rheumatoid diseases.
A tendon is a tough inelastic fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or muscle to muscle.
Tenosynovitis is the inflammation of the synovial sheath that surrounds and protects the tendon. It affects hand, wrist, foot or ankle causing severe pain.
Teriparatide or Parathyroid hormone, affects bone resorption to a small extent and increases bone formation, promoting bone growth.
Thigh bone or femur is the longest, largest and strongest bone in the human body. It is located in the hind or lower limb, between the pelvis and the knee.
Tibia or shinbone is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg, and connects the knee and ankle bones.
Trabecular bone, also called cancellous or spongy bone, is a porus bone found at the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae. It is enclosed with numerous large spaces which gives a spongy appearance. Trabecular bone matrix or framework is a meshwork of small spicules or flat pieces of mineralized bars, called trabeculae and the intercommunicating spaces are filled with bone marrow or fat. About 20 percent of the human skeleton are Trabecular bones.
Triceps muscle or ‘three headed muscle’ is an extensor muscle of the elbow joint made up of three bundles of muscles in the upper arm that extends up to the elbow and aids in extending or straightening the forearm. The triceps can also fixate the elbow joint when the forearm and hand are used for fine movements like writing.
Vertebra is an individual bone in the arched flexible bony structure (Vertebrae) that extends from the cranium to the tail bone and forms building blocks of the spinal column or back bone, which encases and protects the spinal cord.
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